From the Author

This article was published in the scientific electronic library on the website: https://www.elibrary.ru. Here the attentive reader will notice some deviations from the published article. The author gives vivid examples that allow the reader to better understand the author’s thoughts. Also described thoughts that came to mind after the article was published.

ÓÄÊ 539.186.22

A. P. Barkar
Electrical Engineer, Retiree,
Russia, Simferopol

Abstract: This article discusses light and its component, the photon. Using knowledge and logical analysis, the author explains the true nature of light. The article describes the physics of photon formation. The research is conducted by addressing the question: Is a photon a wave or a particle? The issue of photon interaction with matter is also considered. In conclusion, simple calculations are presented to confirm the correctness of the conclusions.

Keywords: atom, electron, vibration, impulse, light, photon, ether

Once, I was asked: "There is an atom. The atom's nucleus, and around it, electrons are orbiting. But what is there between the nucleus and the electrons?" I pondered this question and realized: between the nucleus of the atom and the electrons, there is ether. Ether is the medium through which our material world was created and in which it exists and functions. I believe ether is neither matter nor thought energy; it is something more substantial. The physical properties of ether certainly differ from the physics of the material world. D. I. Mendeleev was mistaken when he tried to represent ether as an elementary substance: "Therefore, the world ether can be imagined, similar to helium and argon, as a gas that is incapable of chemical bonding." ("Attempt at a Chemical Understanding of the World Ether", p. 14.) Ether fills all of space, the entire Universe, but perhaps I am mistaken, and the black hole in space is exactly the place where ether does not exist. Be that as it may, both radio waves and light waves propagate due to the presence of ether. Let's consider in detail how light appears. When heated, the frequency of atomic vibrations increases, and when it matches the frequency of the electron's rotation, resonance occurs. When the electron's velocity vector in the atom's orbit aligns with the velocity vector of the atom itself, the electron's speed doubles:

Ve=Va+Ve=2Ve

where Va - is the atom's velocity
and Ve - is the electron's velocity

To make it clear what is being discussed, let's consider a simple example: a person standing on the ground throws a tomato, and it flies at a speed of 20 km/h. Now, the same person stands on a platform moving at a speed of 40 km/h and throws the same tomato in the direction of the platform at the same speed of 20 km/h. In this case, the tomato will fly at a speed of:

V=40+20=60?km/h

In our case, the atom is like the moving platform, and the electron is like the tomato, which gains an additional momentum due to the motion.

The electron gains additional momentum, but the phase of the atom's vibration changes to the opposite, and the electron, due to inertia, flies off its orbit. Its excess momentum of energy is transferred to the ether. This powerful momentum of the electron compresses the ether, and immediately a zone of ether rarefaction forms. Together, they create a light wave — this is the photon. As the frequency of the atom's vibrations increases further, electron vibrations begin on orbits closer to the atom's nucleus, and then we see light of a different color. The smaller the orbit of the vibrating electron, the higher the frequency of the emitted light.

We have figured out and understood how a photon is formed. Now let's try to understand what a photon actually is. A photon is one period of the ether wave. It exists only in a state of vibration and therefore possesses the properties of a particle. As a particle, the photon exists within the ether flow, thanks to the properties of the ether. If the photon does not gain additional energy, its lifetime ends. The ether does not interact with particles; it simply does not "see" them. When a photon is formed, the ether passes through it just like it passes through any other particle. But then the photon gains additional momentum, and its energy is sufficient to create a new photon in front of it. If the momentum acts continuously, then a continuous formation of photons occurs. A continuous chain of photons forms a beam of light, which we see. An essential condition for the existence of a light beam is the vibration of the electron at its base. This vibration creates a wave of photons, which propagates at the speed of light strictly in a straight line. Let’s conduct a thought experiment: at point O, there is a powerful laser. We place two observers strictly along a straight line: one at point A, 300,000 km away, and the other at point B, 75 million km away. The third observer is placed off this line at point C; the distance here does not matter. We turn on our laser for one second and then turn it off. The expected result: the observer at point A will see the light, as the light will reach them within one second. The observer at point B will not see the light, because the photon is a wave, and as soon as the wave source is turned off, it immediately ceases to exist. The observer at point C will not see the light because the photon, as a particle, travels strictly in a straight line. The statement of esteemed astronomers: "We observe the light of distant stars, which are many light-years away from us, and perhaps these stars no longer exist, but we still see their light" is not accurate; it is merely a beautiful legend and nothing more. A beam of light exists only as long as its source exists.

If we allow for the existence of a particle with zero mass, I will refer to the photon as a wave-particle. This is justified because the photon is the smallest part of a light wave, existing in a state of vibration. When light strikes a reflective surface of some material (let's call it the primary beam), the energy of the photon is sufficient to make the electrons of the material's atoms vibrate. This vibration creates a new stream of photons (the secondary beam), and we see the reflected light (like a sunbeam). The reflected light carries most of the energy of the incident light back into space, and the material's surface heats up less. If the surface does not reflect light, it means the photon's energy is insufficient to cause electron vibration. In this case, the photon stream, acting on the electrons of the material's atoms, causes the atoms to oscillate, and the frequency of the atom's oscillation increases, leading to greater heating of the material. This is how a photon interacts with matter, and this type of interaction is what causes the rotor to spin in the famous experiment by P. N. Lebedev.

Let’s answer the question: why does the speed of light not depend on the speed of the object emitting the light? It’s because the speed of the formation of a light wave in the ether flow is a constant quantity. Let’s recall the supersonic airplane, which catches up with and overtakes sound. I should clarify that I believe Professor Marinov is right, and the speed of light in the direction of the ether flow will be slightly greater than the speed of light traveling against the ether flow. But that is a somewhat different question. So, what will happen if a light-emitting object appears that can achieve a speed greater than the speed of light? The same thing that happens with a supersonic airplane. First, we will see the light, and then the object. When the object's speed equals the speed of light, we will see a bright flash. After that, we will first see the object, and then the light it emits.

Electron speed

If I'm right, and light is indeed caused by the vibration of an electron at the moment when the frequency of vibration of the atom coincides with the frequency of rotation of the electron around the nucleus, then, knowing the frequency of light, we can very simply determine frequency of rotation of an electron in a given orbit. The frequency of light of a given color is the speed of the electron in revolutions in this orbit. For example: the frequency of red is: 5 õ 10¹⁴ Hz, means speed electron rotation will be: 5 õ 10¹⁴ revolutions per second. Let's check the order of numbers using a simple a problem from a textbook.

According to Bohr's theory, an electron in a hydrogen atom rotates around the nucleus in a circular orbit with a radius 0.53 x 10^-10 m.
Determine the speed of the electron in its orbit.

Problem No. 6.1.7 from the “Collection of problems for preparing for entrance exams in physics at USPTU.”

Given: R = 0,53 õ 10^-10 m, V = ?
Source: https://easyfizika.ru/zadachi/elektrostatika/po-teorii-bora-elektron-v-atome-vodoroda- vrashhaetsya-vokrug-yadra
We are not interested in solving the problem, but the answer is:
V = 2186 km/s

Let's calculate the circumference of the electron orbit in a hydrogen atom:
2ïr = 2 x 3,141592 x 0,53 x 10,^-10 = 3,33 x 10^-10 m
Now we divide the speed in m/sec (or rather the distance traveled per second) by the circumference and find out how much the electron made revolutions per second.
2186000 m/s : 3,33 õ 10^-10 m = 656456,5 õ 10¹⁰ îá/ñåê = 6.5 õ 10¹⁵ revolutions per secondê

The order of the numbers is preserved. Since this is hydrogen, the electron is very close to the nucleus, its rotation frequency and should be significantly higher. This fact confirms the correctness of my judgments about the nature of light.

Conclusions:

Conclusion

I consider it necessary to answer the question that has justly arisen: how does an electron affect the ether, if the ether can't see particles? I believe that an electron, rotating around the nucleus of an atom at great speed, creates a vortex wake from the ether, a certain compacted region of the ether, let’s call it conventionally a “track”. When an electron, having received additional impulse of movement, tries to fly out of orbit, the “rut” immediately forces it to return to its place, the excess electron momentum is transferred to the “rut”. "Rut", receiving energy impulses from the electron, causes pulsation of the ether, thereby creating an electromagnetic wave. Thus the mechanism is revealed formation of electromagnetic waves.

The practical significance of this discovery can be very significant. This knowledge will allow you to:
1. Create ultra-long-distance space communications.
2. Develop a new type of laser.
3. Pay attention to how we understand the world. First, we cognize at the level of objects (and having cognized, we begin to create), then - at the level of molecules, now - at the level of atoms, and new nanotechnologies amaze with their capabilities. Now you and I have just touched the ether. The one who masters the energies of the ether will receive the keys to the cosmos, unlimited access to the Universe.

List of books

Start page                A. P. Barkar, e-mail: filosof51@yandex.ru
Simferopol, March 2022